Objective To compare the effects of immediate dental implantation and conventional dental implantation on oral function and implant stability in patients with tooth loss. Methods A total of 60 patients with tooth loss treated in the Department of Stomatology, Nantong Tongzhou District People’s Hospital from February 2021 to February 2024 were selected, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 30 patients in each group. The control group received conventional dental implantation, and the observation group received immediate dental implantation. The implant success rate, oral function (masticatory efficiency and speech function), implant stability quotient (ISQ) and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results The implant success rate of the observation group was 97.78%, which was higher than 79.55% of the control group (P <0.05). At 3 months after operation, the masticatory efficiency and the score of speech function in the two groups were higher than those before operation, and those in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in ISQ values between the two groups at 1, 3 and 6 months after operation (P >0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 3.33%, which was lower than 16.67% in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion For patients with tooth loss, immediate dental implantation achieves better effects than conventional implantation, which can ensure the success rate of implant, reduce the incidence of complications, and restore patients’ masticatory efficiency and speech function more favorably.