Objective To compare the effects of nanocomposite resin and flowable resin filling restoration on aesthetic effect and tooth function in patients with wedge-shaped defects of anterior teeth. Methods A total of 60 patients with wedge-shaped defects of anterior teeth (71 affected teeth) admitted to HUANG Chengxun Dental Clinic from March 2022 to March 2025 were selected, and they were divided into the control group (30 patients, 36 affected teeth) and the study group (30 patients, 35 affected teeth) by the random number table method. The control group received flowable resin filling restoration, and the study group received nanocomposite resin filling restoration. The restoration effect, aesthetic effect and tooth function were compared between the two groups. Results At 6 and 12 months after surgery, there was no significant difference in the restoration success rate between the two groups (P >0.05). At 12 months after surgery, the scores of WES and PES in the two groups were higher than those before surgery, and those in the study group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). At 12 months after surgery, the scores of each dimension of OHIP-14 in the two groups were lower than those before surgery, and those in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Both nanocomposite resin and flowable resin filling restoration can achieve satisfactory restoration effects for wedge-shaped defects of anterior teeth, whereas nanocomposite resin presents more advantages in aesthetic effect and tooth function.