Objective To analyze the clinical value of removable partial dentures fabricated with polyetheretherketone for improving periodontal indicators in patients with dentition defect. Methods A total of 84 patients with dentition defect admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from August 2022 to August 2025 were selected, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 42 patients in each group. The control group received removable partial dentures fabricated with cobalt-chromium alloy, and the observation group received removable partial dentures fabricated with polyetheretherketone. The periodontal indicators, aesthetic effect, masticatory function and restoration satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with the control group, the tooth mobility, plaque index, sulcus bleeding index and periodontal probing depth in the observation group were lower, the pink and white aesthetic index scores and masticatory function were better, and the restoration satisfaction was higher (P <0.05). Conclusion For patients with dentition defect, removable partial dentures fabricated with polyetheretherketone can ameliorate periodontal health status, enhance aesthetic effect and restoration satisfaction, and promote the recovery of masticatory function.