Objective To analyze the effect of removable partial denture restoration on masticatory function in elderly patients with dentition loss. Methods A total of 92 elderly patients with dentition loss admitted to Rugao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2024 to December 2025 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the observation group, with 46 patients in each group. The control group received conventional complete denture restoration, and the observation group received removable partial denture restoration. The masticatory function, denture retention, stability and aesthetic satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results At 3 months after denture placement, the masticatory efficiency and occlusal force in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). At 3 months after denture placement, the scores of denture retention and stability in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). The aesthetic satisfaction rate of the observation group (89.13%) was higher than that of the control group (50.00%) (P <0.05). Conclusion Compared with conventional complete denture restoration, removable partial denture restoration for elderly patients with dentition loss can effectively improve occlusal force and masticatory efficiency, enhance masticatory function, strengthen denture retention and stability, and achieve higher patient satisfaction with dental appearance, which has favorable clinical application value.