Objective To compare the effects of minimally invasive ultra-thin veneers and all-ceramic veneers on aesthetic effect and periodontal indicators in patients with anterior diastema. Methods A total of 82 patients with anterior diastema admitted to Wuzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from January 2024 to December 2025 were selected, and they were divided into the control group and the study group by the random number table method, with 41 patients in each group. The control group was treated with all-ceramic veneer restoration, and the study group was treated with minimally invasive ultra-thin veneer restoration. The restoration efficacy, aesthetic effect, periodontal indicators and masticatory function were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of repair in the study group (97.56%) was higher than that in the control group (82.93%) (P<0.05). The scores of all dimensions of aesthetic effect in the study group after restoration were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The gingival index, plaque index and bleeding index of the study group after restoration were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The masticatory efficiency and occlusal force of the study group after restoration were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Minimally invasive ultra-thin veneers achieve better efffcacy than all-ceramic veneers in the restoration of anterior diastema, which can improve aesthetic effect, optimize periodontal indicators, and promote the recovery of masticatory function.