Objective To investigate the effect of modiffed breast-conserving surgery combined with breast reconstruction in the treatment of breast cancer and its inffuence on quality of life and breast aesthetic effect. Methods A total of 80 breast cancer patients admitted to Yancheng No.1 People's Hospital from January to December 2024 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the reference group and the analysis group, with 40 patients in each group. The reference group received only modiffed breast-conserving surgery, and the analysis group received modiffed breast-conserving surgery combined with breast reconstruction. The surgical indicators, quality of life, pain intensity and breast aesthetic effect were compared between the two groups. Results There were no statistically signiffcant differences in intraoperative blood loss, number of dissected lymph nodes, and length of hospital stay between the two groups (P>0.05). The operation time in the analysis group was longer than that in the reference group (P<0.05). At 6 months after operation, the scores of physiological function, psychological function, social function, and body image in the analysis group were higher than those in the reference group (P<0.05). The score of VAS in the analysis group at 6 months after operation was higher than that in the reference group (P<0.05). The excellent and good rate of aesthetic effect in the analysis group (95.00%) was higher than that in the reference group (75.00%) (P<0.05). Conclusion Modiffed breast-conserving surgery combined with breast reconstruction is effective in the treatment of breast cancer. Although it increases pain and prolongs operation time, it can effectively improve breast aesthetic morphology and quality of life.