Oral implant restoration is the main method for the treatment of dentition defect and loss at present. The key to its long-term success lies in whether the implant can form and maintain stable osseointegration with the surrounding bone tissue. The formation of osseointegration is complexly regulated by multiple factors. From the perspectives of implant material properties, surface modiffcation techniques and osteoimmunology, this paper focuses on the effects of signaling pathways and inffammatory cytokines in the peri-implant microenvironment on the process of osseointegration, so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing implant surface design, improving the success rate of osseointegration and improving clinical prognosis.