Objective To evaluate the application effect of nanocomposite resin in anterior tooth defect restoration and its inffuence on aesthetic effect and restoration quality. Methods A total of 130 patients with anterior tooth defect admitted to the General Department of Yuhang Dental Clinic Co., Ltd. from September 2023 to October 2024 were selected, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 65 patients in each group. The control group was treated with conventional composite resin, and the observation group was treated with nanocomposite resin. The clinical efffcacy, aesthetic effect, restoration quality and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of treatment in the observation group (92.31%) was higher than that in the control group (72.31%) (P<0.05). The scores of all aesthetic effects and the total score in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The scores of marginal fft, marginal adaptation, surface quality and total score in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of nanocomposite resin in anterior tooth defect restoration can improve the total effective rate of treatment, enhance aesthetic effect and restoration quality, reduce the incidence of related complications, and has good clinical efffcacy and aesthetic advantages.