Objective To explore the effect of Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation (LSCT) combined with Pterygium Excision (PE) on visual function in patients with pterygium. Methods A total of 90 patients with pterygium admitted to the First People's Hospital of Zunyi from May 2023 to June 2025 were selected as the research subjects, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 45 patients in each group. The control group was treated with PE, and the observation group was treated with LSCT combined with PE. The visual function, treatment effect, complication rate and surgical indicators were compared between the two groups. Results The postoperative astigmatism, uncorrected visual acuity, corneal vertical curvature and corneal horizontal curvature of the observation group were better than those of the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group (95.56%) was higher than that of the control group (68.89%) (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group (4.44%) was lower than that in the control group (31.11%) (P<0.05). The operation time of the observation group was longer than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistically signiffcant difference in intraoperative blood loss between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion LSCT combined with PE has a definite clinical effect in the treatment of pterygium, which is conducive to the early recovery of postoperative visual function in patients. Although the combined operation prolongs the operation time, it does not increase the intraoperative blood loss, which has higher surgical safety.