The incidence of dental caries in primary teeth of children remains high, which not only seriously affects the masticatory function, but also may interfere with the normal development of the maxillofacial region and the orderly eruption of permanent teeth. Traditional caries treatment methods rely on high-speed dental drills for cavity preparation, which are likely to cause fear in children, leading to low clinical compliance and difficulty in ensuring treatment effects. As a minimally invasive, painless and noiseless alternative, Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) removes carious tissue with hand instruments and fills cavities with fluoride-releasing glass ionomer cement, which is more in line with the physiological and psychological needs of children's oral treatment. Based on the clinical research progress in recent years, this paper systematically summarizes the ART technology, comprehensively evaluates its application effects, influencing factors, as well as the limitations and future development directions at this stage, so as to promote the standardized application and popularization of this technology in pediatric dentistry, and thus improve the overall prevention and treatment level of dental caries in primary teeth of children.