Objective To explore the application effect of Bio-Oss bovine bone powder in bone defect repair after maxillofacial cyst curettage and its influence on incision healing. Methods A total of 60 patients with maxillofacial cyst who underwent cyst curettage in our hospital from April 2024 to April 2025 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the observation group, with 30 patients in each group. The control group received conventional cavity packing and secondary healing without implantation of bone substitute materials after cyst curettage, and the observation group was implanted with Bio-Oss bovine bone powder after cyst curettage. The incision healing, bone mineral density in the bone graft area, bone resorption, attachment loss and complications were compared between the two groups. Results The grade A healing rate of the observation group (96.67%) was higher than that of the control group (66.67%) (P<0.05). The bone mineral density in the bone graft area of the observation group at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The lingual and vertical bone resorption and attachment loss in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The implantation of Bio-Oss bovine bone powder after maxillofacial cyst curettage can promote new bone formation in bone defect, reduce early bone resorption, improve the quality of incision healing, and will not increase the risk of complications.