With the rapid development of the aesthetic plastic surgery market in China, the scale of the patient population continues to expand, accompanied by the increasingly prominent mental health problems of this group. Such patients generally pay high attention to their appearance, and some individuals have irrational cognition of self-image, which is easily affected by multiple factors such as social aesthetic standards, online media information and the gap between postoperative effect expectations, thus inducing or aggravating emotional distress. However, there are still problems in current clinical practice, such as imperfect preoperative psychological assessment mechanism, insufficient doctor-patient communication, and weak postoperative psychological support system, which further increase the psychological risk of patients. Therefore, establishing a systematic and whole-course psychological screening and intervention mechanism has important clinical significance. This paper aims to review the clinical characteristics, main risk factors, assessment and intervention content of anxiety and depression in patients undergoing aesthetic plastic surgery, so as to provide reference for early identification of high-risk groups.