Dental implantation is the preferred method for repairing dentition defect and edentulism, but insufficient alveolar bone volume often limits its clinical application. The efficacy of guided bone regeneration (GBR) technology, as the core method to solve this problem, is highly dependent on the performance of biomembrane materials. Absorbable biomembranes have gradually replaced non-absorbable membranes as a research hotspot in the field of GBR due to their advantages such as no need for secondary surgery and good biocompatibility. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the application of absorbable biomembranes in GBR during dental implantation. Firstly, it elaborates on the principle and core elements of GBR technology, then categorically analyzes the characteristics of absorbable membranes derived from natural sources, synthetic polymers and composite modified materials. It focuses on the specific practices of absorbable biomembranes in extraction socket preservation, alveolar ridge augmentation, maxillary sinus floor elevation, peri-implant bone defect treatment and combined application with other biomaterials. Finally, it prospects the future development direction of this field, aiming to provide references for clinical application and material research and development.