Objective To analyze the effect of nanocomposite resin and light-curing composite resin on aesthetic effect and masticatory function in patients undergoing aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. Methods A total of 80 patients undergoing aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth admitted to Cangzhou Nandagang Hospital from February 2023 to January 2025 were selected, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 40 patients in each group. The control group was restored with light-curing composite resin, and the observation group was restored with nanocomposite resin. The aesthetic effect, periodontal indicators, masticatory function, comfort and adverse reaction rate were compared between the two groups. Results The scores of aesthetic effect in the two groups at 6 months after restoration were lower than those at 3 months after restoration, but the differences were not statistically significant (P >0.05). The scores of aesthetic effect in the observation group at 3 and 6 months after restoration were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). The scores of periodontal indicators in the observation group at 6 months after restoration were lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). The masticatory efficiency of the observation group at 6 months after restoration was higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). The comfort score of the observation group at 6 months after restoration was higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group (7.50%) was lower than that in the control group (27.50%) (P <0.05). Conclusion The application of nanocomposite resin in aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth can improve the aesthetic effect and masticatory function, optimize the periodontal status, and less adverse reactions, thereby effectively enhancing patients' comfort.