Objective To explore the impact of target-oriented responsibility system nursing combined with conventional nursing on maxillofacial function and psychological emotion in patients undergoing aesthetic plastic debridement and suture. Methods A total of 78 patients undergoing aesthetic plastic debridement and suture in Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital from May 2024 to May 2025 were selected, and they were divided into the reference group and the experimental group by the random number table method, with 39 patients in each group. The reference group received conventional nursing, and the experimental group received target-oriented responsibility system nursing combined with conventional nursing. The maxillofacial function, stress response, psychological emotion and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results The scores of maxillofacial function in the experimental group after nursing were better than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The scores of stress response in the experimental group after nursing were lower than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The scores of SPBS, SAS and SDS in the experimental group after nursing were lower than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The nursing satisfaction rate of the experimental group (100.00%) was higher than that of the reference group (87.18%) (P <0.05). Conclusion The application of target-oriented responsibility system nursing combined with conventional nursing in patients undergoing aesthetic plastic debridement and suture can effectively improve their psychological emotion, reduce stress response, promote the recovery of maxillofacial function, and thus comprehensively improve nursing satisfaction.