Objective To analyze the effect of orthodontics treatment combined with minocycline hydrochloride on periodontal health indicators and masticatory function in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods A total of 102 patients with chronic periodontitis who were treated in our hospital from March 2023 to March 2025 were selected as the research subjects, and they were divided into the reference group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 51 patients in each group. The reference group was treated with minocycline hydrochloride, and the observation group was treated with orthodontics treatment combined with minocycline hydrochloride. The periodontal health indicators, masticatory function, oral comfort, inflammatory factor levels, clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results At 3 months after treatment, the periodontal health indicators of the observation group were lower than those of the reference group (P <0.05). The scores of masticatory function and oral comfort in the observation group at 3 months after treatment were higher than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the observation group at 3 months after treatment were lower than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group (98.04%) was higher than that of the reference group (84.31%) (P <0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions of the observation group (1.96%) was lower than that of the reference group (13.73%) (P <0.05). Conclusion Orthodontics treatment combined with minocycline hydrochloride has an ideal clinical effect in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. It can effectively improve the level of periodontal health, enhance masticatory function, reduce inflammatory response and lower adverse reactions, which is worthy of clinical application.