Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), as a traditional denture base material, has certain limitations in mechanical properties and antibacterial properties. In recent years, nano-zirconia has received widespread attention in the field of dental material modification due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. By analyzing the characteristics of nanozirconia, the basic knowledge and limitations of PMMA denture base, this paper explores the improvement of PMMA in terms of mechanical strength, physicochemical stability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties after the addition of nano-zirconia. It also discusses the current clinical application status and future development trends, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the research, development and application of dental materials.