Objective To compare the effects of fixed denture restoration and removable denture restoration treatment for patients with dentition defect. Methods A total of 40 patients with dentition defect admitted to Daxing District Caiyu Town Central Health Center from February 2023 to July 2024 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the study group, with 20 patients in each group. The control group received routine fixed denture restoration, and the study group received removable denture restoration. The treatment effect, oral function, periodontal index and treatment satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of treatment in the study group was 95.00%, which was higher than 70.00% in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the scores of masticatory function and language function in the study group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). The SBI, gingival index, plaque index, tooth mobility and periodontal pocket depth in the study group were all lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). The satisfaction rate in the study group was 95.00%, which was higher than 65.00% in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion The application of removable denture restoration for dentition defect has a better effect. It can improve the masticatory and language functions of patients, improve their periodontal condition, and increase the satisfaction.