Objective To explore the effect of oral implant restoration on masticatory function and periodontal indexes in patients with dentition defect. Methods A total of 60 patients with dentition defect admitted to the People's Hospital of Bozhou from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the observation group, with 30 patients in each group. The control group received fixed denture restoration treatment, and the observation group received oral implant restoration treatment. The masticatory function, periodontal indexes and complications were compared between the two groups. Results After restoration, the occlusal force and masticatory efficiency of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P <0.05). The probing depth, attachment loss and sulcus bleeding index of the observation group after restoration were all lower than those of the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 3.33%, which was lower than 20.00% in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Oral implant restoration can improve the masticatory function of patients with dentition defect, optimize the periodontal indexes, and reduce the incidence of complications. It is a safe and effective treatment method.