Objective To explore the efficacy of crown lengthening surgery combined with glass fiber post restoration in the treatment of anterior teeth residual roots and crowns. Methods A total of 102 patients with anterior teeth residual roots and crowns admitted to Beijing Shangdi Hospital from June 2023 to December 2024 were selected as the research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the reference group and the study group, with 51 patients in each group. The reference group was treated with glass fiber post restoration, and the study group was treated with crown lengthening surgery combined with glass fiber post restoration. The aesthetics, masticatory function, inflammatory factor levels and adverse events were compared between the two groups. Results After treatment, the scores of PES and WES in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and those in the study group were higher than those in the reference group (P <0.05). After treatment, the masticatory efficiency and occlusal force in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and those in the study group were higher than those in the reference group (P <0.05). After treatment, the levels of prostaglandin E2, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and intercellular adhesion molecule in the two groups were lower than those before treatment, and those in the study group were lower than those in the reference group (P <0.05). The incidence of adverse events in the study group (1.96%) was lower than that in the reference group (17.65%) (P <0.05). Conclusion The application of crown lengthening surgery combined with glass fiber post restoration in the treatment of anterior teeth residual roots and crowns has a good curative effect. It can improve the aesthetics, enhance the masticatory function, and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors and the incidence of adverse events.